Outline

I. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a personality disorder described as a prolonged disturbance of personality function in a person (generally over the age of eighteen years, although it is also found in adolescents), characterized by depth and variability of moods.

II. Causes

The exact causes of BPD are not known yet. Right now these are theories that have some research support but are by no means conclusive.

a. Genetics- Some studies of twins and families suggest that personality disorders may be inherited. Studies have shown that a variation in a gene which controls the way the brain uses serotonin (a natural chemical in the brain) may be related to BPD. It appears that individuals who have this specific variation of the serotonin gene may be more likely to develop BPD if they also experience difficult childhood events

b. Environmental Factors- There is strong evidence to support a link between distressing childhood experiences, particularly involving caregivers, and BPD. The types of experiences that may be associated with BPD include, but are not limited to, physical and sexual abuse, early separation from caregivers, emotional or physical neglect, emotional abuse, and parental insensitivity.

c. Brain Abnormalities- A number of studies have shown that people with BPD have differences in both the structure of their brain and in brain function. BPD has been associated with excessive activity in parts of the brain that control the experience and expression of emotion. For example, people with BPD have more activation of the limbic system, an area in the brain that controls fear, anger, and aggression, than people without BPD. This may be related to the emotional instability symptoms of BPD. Some research has shown changes in certain areas of the brain involved in emotion regulation, impulsivity and aggression. In addition, certain brain chemicals that help regulate mood, such as serotonin, may not function properly.

III. History

b. Gender/Age group

IV. Symptoms

a. Impulsive and risky behavior

This can include risky driving, unsafe sex, gambling sprees or illegal drug use.

b. Strong emotions that wax and wane frequently

c. Intense but short episodes of depression or anxiety

Inappropriate anger

This could escalate into physical confrontations.

Difficulty controlling emotions or impulses

Suicidal behavior

Fear of being alone